|| The Remarkable Year-Long Journey of Nebinyan: The Southern Right Whale ||

|| Sunday: September 24: 2023 || ά. For the first time ever, researchers have tracked the complete migration cycle of an Australian southern right whale in detail, following it over 6,000km from near Albany in Western Australia to Antarctica and back again and, remarkably, along sections of its migration, it followed the exact same route.

In September last year, marine biologists from the University of Western Australia and Macquarie University, in collaboration with researchers from the University of Auckland Waipapa Taumata Rau, deployed satellite tags on southern right whales off the coast of Western Australia. Biopsy samples were taken to obtain small pieces of skin to examine the genetics of the population, helping researchers understand the relationship between those on the east coast of Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand and globally, along with what the whales had been feeding on.:::ω:::

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||  Darwin Paradox Explained Finally: How Do Coral Reefs Thrive in Nutrient-Poor Water  ||

|| Thursday: August 31: 2023 || ά. A new Study has discovered why coral reefs can thrive in seemingly nutrient poor water, a phenomenon, that has fascinated scientists since Charles Darwin. The research, which included scientists at Lancaster University, shows that corals farm and feed on their photosynthetic symbionts: microscopic algae, that live inside their cells.

This vegetarian diet allows the corals to tap into a large pool of nutrients, that was previously considered unavailable to them. Effectively, they are eating some of their symbiont algae to get the nutrition they need to survive. Professor Jörg Wiedenmann, the Head of the Coral Reef Laboratory at the University of Southampton, who led the Study, said, “The question as to why coral reefs thrive in parts of the oceans, that are poor in nutrients is known as Darwin’s Paradox of Coral Reefs and has inspired the discovery of several important processes, that can help to explain this phenomenon.

We can now add the missing piece of the puzzle and help to solve the long-running mystery. When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, he considered himself a geologist and during his voyage through tropical seas, quickly became interested in where and why coral reefs are formed.

Darwin correctly predicted how the subsidence of the Earth’s crust and the steady upward growth of corals interact to form vast reef structures. However, the biological mechanisms behind this vigorous growth remained unstudied.”

Stony corals are soft-bodied creatures, which may look like plants to some but, are, in fact, animals. These organisms are made up from many individual polyps, that live together as a colony and secret limestone skeletons, which form the three-dimensional framework we know as ‘reefs’.

Coral reefs are important underwater ecosystems, that benefit many human communities. They provide a home and feeding ground for countless organisms, sustaining about 25% of global ocean bio-diversity. Thereby, they deliver food and income to about half-a-billion people on Earth.

The coral animals are dependent on a ‘symbiosis’, a mutually beneficial relationship with microscopic algae, that live inside their cells. The photosynthetic algae produce large amounts of carbon-rich compounds, such as, sugars, which they transfer to the host coral for energy generation. The symbiont algae are, also, very efficient in taking up dissolved, inorganic nutrients from sea water, such as, nitrate and phosphate. Even, in nutrient poor oceans, these compounds can be found in considerable amounts as excretion products of organisms, such as, sponges, that live close by. They can, also, be transferred to reefs by ocean currents.

In contrast to their symbionts, the coral host cannot absorb or use dissolved inorganic nutrients directly and, until now, it was unclear how these nutrients could fuel the growth of coral. However, the mechanism by which these essential growth nutrients are transferred to the coral animals has been identified by scientists from the University of Southampton, working with a team of researchers, including, Lancaster University in the UK, Tel Aviv University and the University of Jerusalem in Israel.

Their findings are due to be published in the journal Nature. By performing a series of long-term experiments at the University of Southampton’s Coral Reef Laboratory, the scientists demonstrated that corals actually digest some of their symbiont population to access the nitrogen and phosphorus, that symbionts absorb from the water. Where there are sufficient dissolved inorganic nutrients in the water, this mechanism allows corals to grow quickly, even, if, they do not receive any additional food.

Results from fieldwork in remote coral reef atolls in the Indian Ocean support the lab findings, demonstrating that this mechanism boosts coral growth in the wild at the ecosystem level.

Dr Cecilia D’Angelo, Associate Professor of Coral Biology at Southampton and one of the lead authors, said, “Over the many years during which we propagated symbiotic corals in our experimental aquarium system, we had observed that they grew very well, even, when they were not fed. It could not be explained by the current state of knowledge on how nutrients were exchanged by the two partners of the symbiosis, so we figured that we were missing a big piece of the picture and started to analyse the process systematically.”

Dr Loreto Mardones-Velozo, researcher in the Coral Reef Laboratory, who conducted key experiments, said, “One would expect that animals die or stop growing, if, they don’t eat. However, the corals looked perfectly happy and grew rapidly, if, we kept them in water with elevated levels of dissolved inorganic nutrients.”

The researchers used a specifically labelled chemical compound to track the movement of the essential nutrient nitrogen between the partners of the symbiosis.

Nitrogen in the chemical form, used in the experiments, can be only integrated in their cells by the symbionts but, not the coral host. Bastian Hambach, Manager of the Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at the University of Southampton, said, “We used isotopic labelling to ‘spike’ the nutrients supplied to the corals with nitrogen atoms, that were heavier than normal. These isotopes allowed us to trace the coral’s use of the nutrients, using ultrasensitive detection methods.”

Professor Paul Wilson, Paleoceanographer at the University of Southampton said, “With this technique, we could unambiguously demonstrate that the nitrogen atoms, that sustained the growth of the coral tissue were derived from the dissolved inorganic nutrients, that were fed to their symbionts in the experiment.”

Professor Jörg Wiedenmann of the University of Southampton, said, “We used 10 different coral species to quantify how the symbiont population grew along with their hosts. Using mathematical models of the symbiont growth, we could show that the corals digest the excess part of their symbiont population to harvest nutrients for their growth. Our data suggest that most symbiotic corals can supplement their nutrition through such a ‘vegetarian diet’.”

The scientists, also, analysed corals growing around islands in the Indian Ocean, some with seabirds on them and some without, to show that corals have potential to farm and feed on their symbionts in the wild.

Professor Nick Graham, a Marine Ecologist from Lancaster University, said, “The reefs around some of these islands are supplied with substantial amounts of nutrients, that come from ‘guano’, the excrements of the seabirds nesting on the islands. On other islands, the seabird colonies have been decimated by invasive rats.

“Accordingly, the associated reefs receive less nutrients. While corals can catch and feed on plankton, it was clear they, may, also, access these dissolved nutrients in the water column. The mechanism by which they did this was unclear, as the coral animal cannot absorb dissolved nutrients directly.

“Here, we have shown that corals can feed on the algal symbionts, that live in their tissue and give them their colour. The symbionts can absorb inorganic nutrients from the surrounding seawater and it turns out the corals can, then, digest the symbionts to access those nutrients.”

Dr Casey Benkwitt, also, a Marine Ecologist at Lancaster University, said, “We measured the growth of staghorn coral colonies around islands with and without dense seabird populations and found that growth was more than twice as fast on reefs, that were supplied with seabird nutrients. We calculate that about half of the nitrogen molecules in the tissue of the coral animals from islands with seabirds can be traced back to uptake by the symbionts and the subsequent translocation to the host.”

Excessive nutrient enrichment, often, caused by human activities, can damage corals and represents a growing threat in many reefs. However, some coral reefs might receive less nutrients in the future as global warming may cut them off from some of their natural supply routes.

Dr D’Angelo from the University of Southampton, said, “Warming surface waters are less likely to receive nutrients from deeper water layers. The reduced water productivity can result in less nutrients for the symbionts and, in-turn, less food for the coral animals.”

The scientists’ new findings suggest that while coral animals may endure brief periods of starvation by feeding off their symbionts, some coral reefs might be at risk of starvation in response to more prolonged nutrient depletion brought on by global warming in some areas.

Publication: Reef-building corals farm and feed on their photosynthetic symbionts”, on the Nature website: Reef-building corals farm and feed on their photosynthetic symbionts | Nature :::ω:::

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